The small ammount of tenses in the Russian language is compensated by other features, that more often than not can create confuson among new students. Such a pitfall can be the verb conjugation, on which depend the personal verb endings. Today we will try to explain the verb conjugations as easy as possible.
Depending on the infinitive ending Russian verbs are divided on: I and II conjugation. Depending on the verbs conjugation its personal endings will vary )=(by genre and number).
Most verbs can be separated into groups by certain criteria.
The verbs from this group have the endings -ать, -ять, -еть: читать, менять, тереть / read, change, rub.
Exception! This verbs belong in the II conjugation group:
.All verbs ending with -уть, -оть, -ыть, -ти, -сть, -зть, -чь also belong to the I conjugation group: гнуть, полоть, плыть, ползти, класть, влезть, мочь / bend, pull weeds, swim, crawl, put, climb, be able.
Most verbs ending with -ить belong to this group: кормить, лечить / feed, treat.
Exceptions! Verbs from the I conjugation with the ending -ить in the infinitive: стелить и брить.
In addition to verbs that belong to only one conjugation group, there are several Russian verbs that, when changed by gender and number, will show signs of either the 1st or 2nd conjugation, or will conjugate without taking into account conjugation.
Those are the verbs хотеть, бежать, есть, дать / want, run, eat, give.
For example, the verb «хотеть» in singular will conjugate by the rules of the I conjugation, and in plural by the rules of the II conjugation.
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To know the conjugations of verbs in Russian is necessary for a specific purpose: in most cases, understanding which group a particular verb belongs to will help you choose the right personal ending.
To do this, all verbs can be divided into two more groups: regular and irregular. The former will conjugate strictly in accordance with the rules, the latter have special ways of conjugation when attaching personal endings, and most often they just need to be memorized.
First of all, learn the endings in the present tense, because this is the main point.
|
Person |
I conjugation |
II conjugation |
|
Я |
-ю/-у |
-ю/-у |
|
Ты |
-ешь/-ёшь |
-ишь |
|
Он/она/оно |
-ет/-ёт |
-ит |
|
Мы |
-ем/-ём |
-им |
|
Вы |
-ете/-ёте |
-ите |
|
Они |
-ют/-ут |
-ят/-ат |
.Let’s conjugate several verbs of each group (regular and exceptions) for a better understanding:
.Most verbs with the endings -ать, -ять, -ить, -еть are regular. And they are easy to conjugate: with verbs from the I conjugations remove the –ть from the infinitive and add their personal endings, with verbs from the II conjugation you need to remove the last 3 letters (-ить, -ать, – еть) and once again add the personal endings.
Irregular verbs are those that do not follow the standard rules of conjugation, those that have their own conjugation rules, but with certain features (Usually they are based of replacing/adding certain letter in the root and/or before the personal ending).
There are only 5 verbs within the first group: хотеть and бежать conjugate according to the conjugation rules of the I and II conjugation, дать and есть receive a speciall form in singular:
.
The verb дать is perfective, and that is why it is never used in the present tense. We will talk a little bit later about verbs conjugating in the future and past tense.
The second group that adds/replaces specific letters is more numerous.
|
Remove from the infinitive |
Add / replace |
Example |
|
Ending with -ать |
||
|
-ова/-ева |
+у/+ю |
Командовать → командую, командуем Воевать → воюю, воюют |
|
–а |
з → ж / с → ш |
Вязать → вяжет, плясать → пляшем |
|
–а |
т → ч / т → щ / ст → щ |
Бормотать → бормочем, клеветать → клевещет |
|
–а |
г → ж |
Брызгать → брызжу |
|
–а |
х → ш / ск → щ |
Махать → машет, искать → ищете |
|
–а |
+е/+о/+л/+м/+н/+д |
Брать → беру, звать → зовем, дремать → дремлю, начать → начну, стать → станет, ехать → еду |
|
Ending with -ять |
||
|
–я |
+о; +ьм |
Взять → возьмем |
|
–ня |
+йм/+м |
Понять → поймет, принять →примет |
|
–я |
+им/+н |
Поднять → подниму, мять → мну |
|
Ending with -еть |
||
|
-е |
-е/-е, +о |
Тереть → трет, отпереть → отопрет |
|
|
+н |
Деть → денет |
|
|
е→о |
Петь → пою, поете |
|
Other endings |
||
|
Глаголы на -нуть: после гласной после согласной |
ну→н -нуть, ну→н |
Сгинуть → сгинет Нагнуть → нагнет |
|
Глаголы на -оть |
о→е |
Молоть → мелем, мелю |
|
Короткие глаголы с -ы |
+в/+н |
Плыть → плыву, стыть → стыну |
|
Глаголы на -ти |
-с, +т |
Мести → мету, плести → плетет |
|
Глаголы на -чь |
+к/ч; +г/ж; е → я, +г / ж |
Печь → пеку, печешь, мочь → могу, может, лечь → лягу, ляжет |
Keep in mind! The changes that У глаголов первого спряжения изменения в корне / суффиксе происходит во всех числах и лицах.
.
|
Infinitive |
Add / replace |
Example |
|
Глаголы на -ать |
+о/+л |
Гнать → гоню, гонит, спать → сплю, спит, спишь |
|
Глаголы на -еть |
+л, д→ж, т→ч, с→ш |
Терпеть → терплю, видеть →вижу, зависеть → завишу |
|
Глаголы на -ить |
з→ж, с→ш, т→ч, т→щ, д→ж, +л |
Грузить → гружу, грузит; просить → прошу, просим; копить → коплю, копит; любить →люблю, любит; водить → вожу, водишь |
.Keep in mind! With verbs from the 2 conjugation the changes mainly occure on the singular of the 1st person form.
You won’t need verb conjugations to construct sentences in the past tense, because the rule will be the same for both groups of verbs:
.But for the correct formation of the future tense, you need to know the conjugations. Perfective verbs are not used in the present tense and form the future tense with the help of personal endings according to the general rules of conjugation:
Irregular verbs get all the same changes that we indicated above.
Now let’s go back and take a look at the verb «дать» and its special case of conjugation: дам, дашь, даст, дадим, дадите, дадут.
Imperfective verbs will conjugate in the future tense with the help of the verb “быть”, and the semantic verb will retain its form in the infinitive. The verb быть conjugates according to the I conjugation: буду плавать, будешь плавать, будет плавать, будем плавать, будете плавать, будут плавать.
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